About Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration is an important retinal disease caused by deterioration of the macula, the region at the centre of the retina that provides the sharpest vision. It is seen especially at older ages and affects central vision tasks such as reading and recognizing faces.
Because peripheral (side) vision is usually preserved, patients do not experience total blindness; however, the loss of central vision markedly disrupts daily life. Early diagnosis and regular follow-up are decisive in preserving vision.
What Is Macular Degeneration?
The macula is a small but critical area at the centre of the retina that lets us see fine detail. In macular degeneration these cells gradually wear out. The disease has two main forms: dry type and wet type.
The dry type progresses more slowly, with deposits (drusen) and thinning in the macula. The wet type involves abnormal blood-vessel growth and leakage under the macula and can cause rapid vision loss; however, it can be controlled with intravitreal injection treatment. For assessment alongside other retinal problems, see the retinal diseases page.
Symptoms
Macular degeneration can begin insidiously; the following are important warning signs:
- Distorted (wavy) straight lines: Straight edges such as door frames or tiles appearing wavy.
- Inability to read: Difficulty with reading and near work due to central blur.
- Difficulty recognizing faces: Inability to make out facial features of the person opposite.
- Reduced central vision: A faded or blank spot in the centre of the field of vision.
- Faded colours: Colours no longer appearing as vivid as before.
If you notice a sudden distortion of straight lines, it is important to see an ophthalmologist without delay.
Causes & Risk Factors
Several factors, alongside ageing, contribute to the disease:
- Older age: The most important risk factor; incidence rises with age.
- Smoking: Markedly increases the risk and rate of progression.
- Genetic predisposition: A family history raises the risk.
- Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: Contribute by affecting retinal circulation.
- Unbalanced diet: A diet poor in antioxidants and omega-3 has a negative effect.
- Excessive sun (UV) exposure: Prolonged unprotected exposure may pose a risk.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis relies on detailed imaging of the macula:
- Dilated fundus examination: The pupil is dilated to evaluate the retina and macula.
- OCT (optical coherence tomography): A cross-sectional image of the macula detects fluid and thinning.
- FFA / angiography: Leakage in the retinal vessels is imaged when needed.
- Amsler grid test: A simple test for monitoring distortion of straight lines, also at home.
Treatment
Intravitreal Injection
In wet-type macular degeneration, anti-VEGF injections that suppress abnormal vessels bring the disease under control.
Assessment
The need for and frequency of injections is planned from OCT findings.
Injection
The medication is delivered into the eye under sterile conditions; the procedure is brief.
Follow-up
Regular checks track the response and update the plan.
Vision Preserved
Monitoring & Support
In the dry type, nutritional support, risk control and regular monitoring slow progression.
Nutrition
Antioxidant and vitamin support is considered in suitable patients.
Risk Control
Stopping smoking and controlling blood pressure are advised.
Monitoring
Regular OCT follow-up watches for conversion to the wet type.
Progression Slowed
Noticing a change in your central vision?
A treatment plan is created together based on the type and OCT findings.
Prevention & Lifestyle
Nutrition & Lifestyle
Habits that support macular health may slow progression of the disease.
- Leafy green vegetables and omega-3
- Stopping smoking
- Blood-pressure and weight control
Protection & Follow-up
Regular checks and simple home monitoring help catch early signs.
- Regular eye examinations
- Home monitoring with the Amsler grid
- UV-protective sunglasses outdoors